1. Health psychology investigates the psychological factors related to wellness and illness, including the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of medical problems.
2. Stress is people's response to events that threaten or challenge them, whereas stressors
are circumstances or events that produce threats to our well-being. |
3. Cataclysmic events are strong stressors that occur suddenly and typically affect many people simultaneously. Personal stressors include major life events such as the death of a parent or spouse, the loss of one's job, a major personal failure, or even something positive such as getting married. Finally, background stressors a.k.a. daily hassles are the minor irritations in life that we all face time and time again. 4. Uplifts are the minor positive events that make us feel good—even if only temporarily. 5. Selye's GAS theory suggests that a person's to a stressor consists of three stages: alarm and mobilization, resistance and exhaustion. |
6. In emotion-focused coping people try to manage their emotions in the face of the stress, seeking to change the way they feel about or perceive a problem.
7. Defense mechanisms are unconscious strategies that people use to reduce anxiety by concealing the source from themselves and others.
8. The number of daily hasless (a form of background stressor) that people face is associated with psychological symptoms and health problems such as flu, sore throat, and backaches.
9. People of all ages report more physical symptoms and depression when they perceive that they have little or no control (a condition known as learned, helplessness) than when they feel a sense of control over a situation.
10. Hardiness consists of three components: commintment, challenge, control.
11. Type A people put in longer hours at work than Type B people, and are impatient with other people's performance, which they typically perceive as too slow.
12. Type D behavior is linked to coronary heart disease caused by insecurity, anxiety, and negative outlook which put individuals at risk for repeated heart attacks.
13. Although the processes involved in the spread of cancer are basically physiological in nature, accumulating evidence suggests that the emotional responses of cancer patients to their disease may have a critical effect on its course.
14. In the case of cancer, it is possible that positive emotional responses may help generate specialized "killer" cells that help to control the size and spread of cancerous tumors. Conversely, negative emotions may suppress the ability of the same kinds of cells to fight tumors.
15. Smoking is the greatest preventable cause of death in the United States; one in five U.S. deaths is caused by it.
16. Patients may practise creative nonadherence in which they adjust a treatment prescribed by a physician, relying on their own medical judgment and experience.
17. Reactance is a disagreeable and cognitive reaction that results from the restriction of one's freedom and that can be associated with medical regimens.
18. Cultural values and expectations also contribute to communication barriers between patients and their physicians.
19. Positively framed messages suggest that a change in behavior will lead to a gain, emphasizing the benefits of carrying out a health-related behavior.
20. Negatively framed messages (bad things can happen if you do not …) are best for motivating preventive behavior.
21. Subjective well-being is people's evaluations of their lives in terms of both their thoughts and their emotions, that is, the measure of how happy people are.
22. An explanation for why the level of subjective well-being is so stable is that people have a general set point for happiness, a marker that establishes the tone for one's life.
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