1. Motivation: the factors that direct and energize the behaviour of humans and other organisms.
2. Instincts: inborn patterns of behaviour that are biologically determined rather than learned.
3. Drive-reduction approaches to motivation: theories suggesting that a lack of a basic biological requirement such as water produces a drive to obtain the requirement.
4. Drive: motivational tension or arousal that energizes behaviour to fulfill a need.
5. Homeostasis: the body’s tendency to maintain a steady internal state.
6. Arousal approaches to motivation: the belief that we try to maintain certain levels of stimulation and activity, increasing or reducing them as necessary.
7. Self-actualization: a state of self-fulfilment in which people realize their highest potential, each in his or her own unique way.
8. Obesity: body weight that is more than 20 percent above the average weight for a person of a particular weight.
9. Weight set point: the particular level of weight that the body strives to maintain.
10. Metabolism: the rate at which food is converted to energy and expended by the body.
11. Anorexia nervosa: a severe eating disorder in which people may refuse to eat while denying that their behaviour and appearance – who can become skeleton-like – are unusual.
12. Bulimia: a disorder in which a person binges on large quantities of food, followed by efforts to purge the food through vomiting or other means.
13. Need for achievement: a stable, learned characteristic in which a person obtains satisfaction by striving for and attaining a level of excellence.
14. Need for affiliation: an interest in establishing and maintaining relationships with other people.
15. Need for power: a tendency to seek impact, control or influence over others, and to be seen as a powerful individual.
16. Emotions: feelings that generally have both physiological and cognitive element and that influence behaviour.
17. James-Lange theory of emotion: the belief that emotional experience is a reaction to bodily events occurring as a result of an external situation.
18. Canon-Bard theory of emotion: the belief that both physiological arousal and emotional experience are produced simultaneously by the same nerve stimulus.
19. Schachter-Singer theory of emotion: the belief that emotions are determined jointly by a nonspecific kind of physiological arousal and its interpretation, based on environmental cues.
20. Facial-affect program: activation of a set of nerve impulses that make the face display the appropriate expression.
21. Facial-feedback hypothesis: the hypothesis that facial expressions not only reflect emotional experience, but also help determine how people experienced and label emotions.
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